Objective:

To identify key nodes in pharmaceutical supply chains that disproportionately influence carbon emissions.

Key Findings:

• Carbon emissions are concentrated along a few 'backbone' pathways in supply chains.
• Logistics hubs can significantly influence total carbon footprints despite low direct emissions.
• High-emission processes with limited connectivity are less impactful at the system level.

Interpretation:

Focusing on network dynamics rather than individual emissions hotspots can lead to more effective decarbonization strategies in the pharmaceutical sector.

Limitations:

• The study is based on a limited number of representative drugs.
• Findings may not be universally applicable across all pharmaceutical supply chains.

Conclusion:

Targeting nodes with high emissions and strong control over supply chain flows can yield significant carbon reductions, aiding compliance with sustainability regulations.